Period+2+Final+Exam+Review

=All answers must be in your handwriting. All answers should be in the appropriate box in the column next to the question. Answers must be in **BOLD.**=
 * REVIEW SHEET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2010-2011**

(temp, light, number of students, noise) || **Thermostat, light switch, blinds** || Plants à insects à birds || **if plants are removed, insects have less food making less of them for the birds to eat so eventually they will all die out** ||
 * # What can cells in your body do?
 * 1) cell division?
 * 2) pass DNA to other cells?
 * 3) Use energy? || **reproduce asexually**
 * split in two and makes daughter cell**
 * daughter cells have the same DNA that is passed on**
 * yes, to divide** ||
 * 2. two function of cell membrane || **moves substances in and out of cell (filters)**
 * support for cell** ||
 * 3. two differences between plant and animal cells || **chloroplast**, **cell wall** ||
 * 4. What does salting meat do? What process is this? || **it preserves the meat, shrinks the cells (plasmolysis)** ||
 * 5. Describe homeostasis and give 1 example. || **Stable, Equilibrium, hot = sweat, cold=shiver** ||
 * 6. How is homeostasis controlled in a classroom?
 * 7. In a food chain, what happens if plants are removed? Insects removed? Birds removed?
 * 8. What happens to cells in salt solutions? Which tonic is this? || **they shrink, hyper-tonic** ||
 * 9. Name 1 disease caused by the following organisms:

virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoan || **virus- chicken pox, AIDS** a. placed in water- Egg will get bigger
 * bacteria- strept throat**
 * fungi- athletes foot**
 * protozoan- malaria** ||
 * 10. What causes the flu, herpes, poxes, AIDS? || **virus** ||
 * 11. How does the earth show homeostasis? (think oil spill) || **oil spills contaminate ocean, so micro-organisms degrade oil spill by eating up the oil (and reduce harm inflicted on shoreline ecosystem)** ||
 * 12. Definition of diffusion || **molecules move from an are of higher concentration to lower concentration** ||
 * 13. Example of diffusion || **lump of sugar in tea dissolves** ||
 * 14. Definition of osmosis || **movement of water through a membrane** ||
 * 15. Example of osmosis || **putting a cell in water or a cell in salt water** ||
 * 16. Which way do diffusion and osmosis always flow || **they flow from greater concentration to lesser concentration in order to reach the equilibrium.** ||
 * 17. Why do osmosis and diffusion occur? || **molecules are always moving.** ||
 * 18. We put food coloring in a beaker of water. What happens? || **it spreads out, if you stir it, it goes faster.** ||
 * 19. Name 2 ways to speed diffusion up. || **temperature and stir, shake, fan it** ||
 * 20. We put eggs in vinegar. What were we trying to do? || **Using vinegar you can make the eggshell disappear to expose the cell membrane** ||
 * 21. What will happen to an egg without its shell if:

b. placed in salt water- Egg will shrink/ get smaller

c. placed in syrup- Egg will shrink/ get smaller || **placed in water- Egg will get bigger b/c water goes in**


 * placed in salt water- Egg will shrink/ get smaller b/c water goes out**


 * placed in syrup- Egg will shrink/ get smaller b/c water goes out** ||
 * 22. If lots of water enters a cell what could happen? (Regular word and science word) || **Science word- Turgid = cell would get firm**
 * Plasmoptysis = so big it would burst** ||
 * 23. Name solutions for the following tonics:

a. hypertonic b. isotonic c. hypotonic || **more water inside the cell. ex. soda, salt solution** hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic cell getting bigger, cell shrinking, cell staying the same, cell at equilibrium, water going in and out equally, cell that has osmosis going on ||  || a. prokaryote b. eukaryote c. nucleus d. nuclear area e. bacteria f. human cell g. came first h. more advanced i. has many organelles j. has cell wall k. has cell membrane m. has cytoplasm and ribosomes || **simple- A** b. nuclear membrane c. cytoplasm d. ribosomes e. mitochondria f. flagellum g. cell membrane h. smooth ER i. rough ER j. chloroplast k. cell wall l. vacuole m. golgi n. nucleolus o. cilia p. cytoskeleton || spontaneous generation abiogenesis biogenesis origin of species natural selection artificial selection || spontaneous generation: **Non Living --> Living** abiogenesis: **Non Living --> Living** biogenesis **Life forms life** origin of species **Darwin's Book** natural selection **The env. selects** artificial selection **We select** || Redi Pasteur Van Leeuwenhoek Darwin || **Redi- Meat, Maggots come from flies** What is the first word? Second word? || **First word- genus** Plantae, Monera, Fungi, Animalia? Arthropoda, Nematoda, Cnidria, Platyhelminthes? || plantae, monera,fungi,animalia are all kingdoms. arthropoda, nematoda, cnidria, platyhelminthes are all phyla || vestigial organs homologous organs analogous organs || vestigial organs **- an organ that was once useful (tail bone)** homologous **-organs within humans and other spieces which are similar.** (arm) analogous organs**- organs with same function but have not evolved** || retrovirus- **RNA virus that inserts a DNA copy of their genome** lytic virus- **Infects right away.** lysogenic virus- **Infects, and waits** provirus- **Cell becomes a part of the DNA** || retrovirus- **Gag gene** lytic virus- **Flu** lysogenic virus- **Aids** provirus- **DNA of Virus becomes part of the host DNA** || Antibiotics- **Kills bacteria. Works on humans.** Vaccine- **Prevents virus. A small dosage to your body so you can fight it off. You make antibodies.** ||  ||
 * the same. ex. contact solution**
 * more water outside the cell. ex. 100% water** ||
 * 24. Most of the time your body cells are tonic || **Isotonic** ||
 * 25. Look at the three cells. Label the following terms on the correct cell:
 * 26. define the following and label on cell A or cell B:
 * Complex- B**
 * controlls Cell**
 * A**
 * A**
 * B**
 * A**
 * B**
 * B**
 * both**
 * both**
 * both** ||
 * 27. define the following organelles:
 * a.brain; controls cell**
 * b.outer layer; protects nucleus, semi perm**
 * c. material within the cell, support, gel**
 * d. makes proteins**
 * e. supplys cells energy; powerhouse**
 * f. tail on cell; way of movement**
 * g. chooses what comes in and out of cell**
 * h. transport, no ribosomes**
 * i. transport, has ribosomes**
 * j.photosynthesis**
 * k. most outer layer, protects cell and gives shape, plants**
 * l. storage**
 * m. packages protiens**
 * n. produces ribosomes**
 * o. short hairlike structures on outside of cell; movement**
 * p. protein structure, support** || a. nucleus
 * 28. Define:
 * 29. Give key points about each scientist:
 * Pasteur -Swan Neck Flask**
 * Van Leeuwenhoek - The Microscope**
 * Darwin - Discovered and proved Evolution.** ||
 * 30. //Homo sapiens//
 * Second word- species** ||
 * 31. Are these kingdoms or phyla?
 * 32. Define and give an example:
 * 33. If you are in the same phylum, are you in the same kingdom? Same genus? Same species? || **if you are in the same phylum then you are in the same kingdom same species but different genus.** ||
 * 34. Viruses must reproduce inside- **Host Cells** ||  ||
 * 35. Define and give an example:
 * 36. Name the 2 parts of every virus **Protons, Nucleus, and Acid** ||  ||
 * 37. What do the following do and who do they work on?
 * 38. Draw the shapes of bacteria:

coccus bacillus spirillum || **coccus** capsule Petri dish Streptococcus || **capsule- a layer on the outside of the cell wall,protect** dominant gene recessive gene mutation || **dominant- hides recessive, upper case** viviparous ovoviparous oviparous || **viviparous: bringing forth live younge that developed inside the parent body, like humans**
 * bacillus**
 * spirillum** ||
 * 39. If we overuse antibiotics, the bacteria may become: || bacteria become immune or resistant to the antibiotics ||
 * 40. Bacteria: Explain the following:
 * Petri dish: flat dish used to culture bacteria**
 * Streptococcus- a genus of spherical bacteria, causes strept throat** ||
 * 41. Are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes? Why? || **Prokaryote because they have no nucleus, and no organelles except ribosomes** ||
 * 42. How do diseases get passed down genetically? || **DNA** ||
 * 43. Define:
 * recessive- gets hidden, lower case**
 * mutation- change in DNA** ||
 * 44. Sweating allows humans to keep their: || **homeostasis** ||
 * 45. Define and give an example of each:


 * ovoviparous: egg inside body, no umbilical cord or nourishment from mom, like sharks**


 * oviparous animals that lay eggs, like fish, birds, most reptiles** ||
 * 46. What is a vaccine and what is it designed to do? || **Vaccines are dead or weakened virus and they are designed to make you make antibodies to fight the actual virus** ||
 * 47. Put in order, smallest to biggest: || **Virus, bacteria, protozoan.** ||
 * 48. How many chromosomes in a human foot cell? How many in an egg? Sperm? || **46 in foot cell, 23 in egg, 23 in sperm** ||
 * 49. Number of chromosomes in Down’s syndrome **47** || **Down’s syndrome 47** ||
 * 50. How can 2 parents not show the recessive trait, yet one of their children shows the trait? || **if both parents have one dominant and one recessive then there is a 25% chance of the kid having the recessive trait** ||
 * 51. Define: homozygous, heterozygous, pure, hybrid, phenotype, genotype || **Homozygous- 2 copies of the same trait.(YY or yy)**


 * Heterozygous-2 copies of diffrent traits (Yy x Yy)**


 * phenotype- physical features, use words**


 * genotype- genes, use letters**


 * pure-same genes not crossed (HH or hh)**

__**Recessive Gene-**__ **Get's hidden by the dominant gene, needs two of the same to come into affect (hh).** || b. autotroph, multicellular**- plantae** c. mushrooms **- fungi** d. unicellular, eukaryote, amoeba **- protista** e. bacteria **- monera** f. prokaryotes **- monera** || b. enters through bare feet- **Hook worm** c. mollusk, tentacles, suckers- **Octopus** d. rectal itching- **Pin Worm** e. tentacles, nematocysts, stinging cells- **Jellyfish** f. non-parasitic segmented worm- **Earthworm** g. attacks liver, “big belly”- **Fluke worm** h. cross eyed worm- **Planarian** ||
 * hybrid- 2 types of genes present (Hh)** ||
 * 52. Cross 2 carriers of a disease. What are the % of their children with and without the diseae? ||  ||
 * 52. Red is dominant to white. Cross homozygous red with homozygous red. Offspring % ||  ||
 * 53. Chromosomes of a normal male. Normal female. || **female- XX Male- XY** ||
 * 54. If the FBI needed your DNA, how could they obtain it? || **Through blood, hair,sperm, fingerprint, and almost anything from your body** ||
 * 55. If a disease is sex-linked explain who gets it more often and why? || **Males get it more often because females have sets of X chromosomes (XX) and one of the X chromosomes can hide the other. Males (XY) have a higher chance because they don't have that second X to help hide the disease.** ||
 * 56. Why does DNA replicate? || **DNA replicates to make two of its self so when they separate the process goes right.** ||
 * 57. Describe karyotype and why it would be used. || **karyotype is the number of chromosomes and it is used to identify a disease.** ||
 * 58. Define: mitosis, meiosis, fertilization, zygote, sexual reproduction, asexual reprodution || __**Mitosis-**__ **Cell division that results into two daughter cells with the same chromosome number of the parent cell.**
 * __Meiosis__- Cell division that results into two daughter cells with half of the chromosome number of the parent cell.**
 * __F____ertilization__- The process of fertilizing an egg for birth.**
 * __Zygote-__** **a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gamete.**
 * __Sexual Reproduction-__ The production of a living organism involving a male and a female organism. Sperm and Egg**
 * __Asexual Reproduction-__ The production of a living organism with only one parent.** ||
 * 59. Define dominant gene, recessive gene, give letters. || __**Dominant Gene-**__ **Hides the recessive gene (Hh, HH).**
 * 60. What is a double helix? || spiral staircase of dna ||
 * 61. Define biodiversity. || variety of life ||
 * 62. Why is biodiversity so important? || boosts ecosystem productivity ||
 * 63. Why are there so many species of trees, birds or insects? || they all live differentially ||
 * 64. If we build home, malls, parking lots, what happens to biodiversity? || **It will decrease the variety of species because we are destroying the habitats** ||
 * 65. Name the kingdom (monera, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia) || a. heterotrophs, multicellular**-fungi and animal**
 * 66. There are 7 taxons. Name them starting with the largest first. || __//**KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, O**//____//**RDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIE**//__ ||
 * 67. Name 10 invertebrates. Make sure they are in different phyla. || __//**SLUG, SNAIL, ANT, WORM, NETTEL, LEECH, JELLYFISH, FLY, BEE, SEA FAN**//__ ||
 * 68. Name animal. || a. filter feeds-**Sea Sponge**
 * 69. How do you use a dichotomous key? || **You answer a question and then you go to another question until you find out the name the animal. Think ( nor nose lab) with the aliens.** ||
 * 70. Define the following terms: ||  ||
 * Hermaphroditic- has both male and female sex ograns ||  ||
 * IPMAT- the stages of mitosis ||  ||
 * Dioecious- seperate sexes for male and females ||  ||
 * Cephalization- Brain at head end ||  ||
 * Exoskeleton- external skeleton that supports and protects an animals body (arthropods) ||  ||
 * Water vascular system- echinoderms used to get food, walk, tube feet, H20 suction (starfish) ||  ||
 * Sessile- stationary ||  ||
 * Parasite- an orginism that grows, feeds, and shelters itself in another organism ||  ||
 * Free living- independently living ||  ||
 * Segmented- seperated into parts. (leech) ||  ||
 * Symmetry- shape spherical, radial, and bilateral. ||  ||
 * Molting- shedding skin or shell (arthropods) ||  ||
 * Heterozygous- one is dominate and the other ressesive (Bb) ||  ||
 * Homozygous- both allels are the same (BB) or (bb) ||  ||