Chem+Comm+Pd+8

= = Unit 1 Review Period 8 //**Chemistry**//


 * Water Use: (Kim)**

Concepts: Direct/Indirect Water is used in the obvious places, like at home when you wash the dishes, do laundry, or maybe even clean your car. However it is used in other places as well. It takes approximately 120 Liters of water to produce 1.3 Liters of fruit juice. Water is used in a lot of places that we don’t even realize. These are indirect water uses. For example, a farmer will water the crops to make corn, which is fed to a chicken, and than that chicken gives you an egg. Water is indirectly used to make an egg. Than there are direct water uses like taking a shower or boiling water to make pasta.


 * Mixtures: (Homogeneous/Heterogeneous) (Matt E, Alex)**

Concepts: Definitions of each Heterogeneous mixture- its compostion is not the same, or uniform, throughout. ex: pulp from the orange juice Homogeneous mixture: A mixture that is uniform throughout. This means that it is perfectly mixed. Ex: Water, blood, orange juice

Suspension- the solid particles are large enough to settle out or can be separated by using filtration. Examples of matter






 * Water Cycle: (Karen, Dan D)**




 * __Condensation__**- Water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it.


 * __Transpiration__**- Thepassageof water through a plant fromtherootsthroughthevascular system to theatmosphere.


 * __Surface Runoff__**- Overland flow of excess water that cannot be absorbed by the ground as infiltration.


 * __Precipitation__**- A casting down or falling of something, such as rain.


 * __Accumulation__**- A mass or quantity of something that has gradually gathered or been acquired.


 * __Evaporation__**- when something, such as water, becomes a vapor.


 * Ionic Compounds/Formula's: (Ceili, Sara, Alicia)**

Balancing Ionic Compounds: Fe3+(SO4)2- Switch the places of the 3+ and the 2-. Move their positions towards the bottom. So, the result will be: Fe2(SO4)3 Before: Al3He+ After: AlHe3

Naming Ionic Compounds:

Examples 1.Cation: Mg2+ Anion: F- Basic: Mg2+F- Balancing: MgF2 2. Cation: H+ 2. Cation: H+ Anion: O2- Basic: H+O2- Balancing: H2O
 * Formula**
 * Formula**

Cation/Anion:

Cation- a positively charged ion Anion- a negatively charged ion

Example of Cation: Al3+, He+ Example of anion: Cl-, N3-


 * Solubility: (Gina, Julia)**

Concepts: Solubility of solids and liquids: Solubility Solids and Gases: Gases: - Low pressure= less soluble in a liquid - High pressure= more soluble in a liquid - A real life example is the bottom of an ocean

Solids: - As temperature increases the solubility increases - An example of this is salt

Graph Analysis: Questions: 1). Define Saturated and explain how you would make a saturated solution Answer- Saturated is when the point on the graph is on the line. You would make a saturated solution by dissolve salt/ sugar into water and mix it until you cannot see it. 2.) You have a solution of sodium nitrate containing 80g at 65˚C. Is the solution saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated? Explain. Answer- Unsaturated because the point is below the line. 3.) You have a solution saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated? Explain. Answer- Supersaturated because this point is above the line. 4.) You have a solution of potassium nitrate (KNO3) containing 120g at 80˚C. How many additional grams of solute must be added to it, to make the solution saturated at 80˚C? Answer- 40g/100mL 5.) A solution of NH4Cl at 100˚C has 50g of dissolved solute in 100mL of water. How many degrees must it cool to become saturated? Answer- 73˚C
 * Water has a higher solubility when the temperature increases.


 * Density: (Chris J, Rob W)**

Concepts: Formula Provide questions and answers of calculations
 * The formula for density is** [[image:http://www.motive-traction.com.au/spawner/data/motive-traction.com.au/167_1.png width="45" height="33" align="absMiddle" caption="Density Formula"]]
 * When you divide the mass by the volume you get the density of the object.**


 * When solving for mass we must take the original formula, and isolate the unknown.**

1) What is the volume of a tank that can hold 18 754 Kg of methanol whose density is 0.788g/cm3?

2) What is the density of a board whose dimensions are 5.54 cm x 10.6 cm X 199 cm and whose mass is 28.6 Kg?

3) CaCl2 is used as a de-icer on roads in the winter. It has a density of 2.50 g/cm3. What is the mass of 15.0 L this substance?

4) In the Macy's Thanksgiving day parade, 2000, there was a new float, the Cheerios' bee, Buzzbee. The jar of honey it was holding contained 36,763 L of helium. The honey jar was 1/10 of the body size. What is the volume of the entire float? If the density of helium is 0.000178 g/cm3, what is the mass of the helium for the entire float in Kg?


 * PH Scale and examples: (Scott W, Olivia)**

Hydrogen ions- Pure - Hydroxyl ions pH- measures how acidic or basic substance is.

1.5 – stomach acid 2 – lemon juice 2.8 – coke 2.88 – sprite 3 – grape fruit 4- tomato juice 5- black coffee 6.6- milk 7- pure water 7.4- blood 7.75- ocean water 7.9- egg water 8.2- backing soda/mouth wash 8.5- green tea 10- soap 11.8- nail polish remover 13- Drano

Mercury: Silver colored, Reacts with water, acid, air, and Halogens. Can be solid, liquid, and gas. Its symbol is Hg. You can get mercury poisoning.
 * Lead/Mercury: (Ryan O, Montez, Alexa)**

Lead: is a blush gray color Lead is used in building construction Used to be used in pencils but it causes lead poisoning if you eat it. It damages the nervous systemand causes brain disorders.

Information: Must give information for lead and Mercury (revert back to presentation notes)

Nikki Lynch
 * Water Purification: (Nikki, Yaneth)**

Evaporation is the process where a liquid gets turned into a gas. This process can be done in any temperature and happens because of the movement of molecules in the liquid. The liquid molecules escape into the air as a gas (water vapor), and the warmer the air, the more moisture it can hold. Every second there are about 15 million tons of moisture evaporated into the air by the Earth’s Sun. Bacterial action is when rainwater hits the ground and collects impurities, but as the water sinks through the ground, bacteria in the soil feed on the impurities and re-purify water. As the water sinks further into the ground, it passes through sand, rock, and gravel. These substances allow bacteria and suspended matter to be filtered out. Screening is when intake water flows through metal screens that prevent fish, sticks, and other objects from entering the water treatment plant. Prechlorination is the process of adding chlorine water to the treatment process to kill disease- causing organisms.
 * 1) Evaporation
 * 1) Bacterial Action
 * 1) Filtration
 * 1) Screening
 * 1) Prechlorination

Yaneth Mota

Optional further treatment-Process begins when intake water flows through metal screens that prevent fish, sticks, beverage containers, and other large objects from entering the water-treatment plant.

Post chlorination- Operators adjust the chlorine concentration in the water to ensure that a low but sufficient concentration of chlorine remains in the water, protecting the water from bacterial infestation.

Settling- Letting the solids and remaining materials to settle at the bottom.

Sand filtration-Removes all the rest of any suspended particles.

Flocculation- The alum and slaked lime react to form aluminum hydroxide, which is sticky like, jelly like material that traps and removes the suspended particles.


 * Water testing lab: (Rigney, Alexis N, Laurel)**


 * Test || Result || What It Means ||
 * Temperature || 9.6 C || This is a normal temperature for the water. ||
 * Coliform || Positive || There is poop in the water. ||
 * Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.) || 53 % Saturation || This is less D.O. then there should be in the water. ||
 * Nitrates || .397 ppm || This is a good amount of nitrates in the water. ||
 * pH || 7.8 || This is very close to the amount of pH that is acceptable for the water ||
 * Phoshates || .047 ppm || This is a good amount for the water. ||
 * Turbidity || 0 JTU || This is an ok amount for the water. ||

D.O. – High D.O. levels are the bes t for aquatic life. The higher your percent of saturation the better it is for animals to breathe. Good res ults are 70% saturation or highe r. The results for the Dissolved oxygen test were 5.3% saturation.

Nitrates – Nitrates are found in the protein molecules of all animals.. Acceptable nitrate levels are 5ppm or less. When we tested it the results came out to .597 ppm. This means that the levels were okay.

pH- pH is a measure of how acid the water is. The pH scale ranges from 0 the strongest acid to 14 the strongest base and 7 the middle number being neutral. The pH of most clean water ranges between 6.5 and 8.2. pH can be affected by chemical runoff that foes into the body od water or acid rain. The ideal pH is close to neutral witch is 7. When we tested for pH the results came out to be 7.8. This is a good number.

Phosphates- Phosphates are found in DNA of almost all living organisms and is also a nutrient needed for growth in plants and animals. Good phosphates results are 2 ppm or less. When we tested for phosphates the results were .047 ppm, which is good.

Turbidity-

Turbidity measures how clear the water is. It can also include microscopic organisms that are not visible but make the water less clear. Turbid water will affect the aquatic plant photosynthesis. Good results are 60 JTU or less. When we tested for Turbidity it came out to 0.

Coliform- // Coliform //bacteria are a commonly used bacterial indicator of sanitary quality of foods and water. When we tested for coliform it was positive. This indicates that there are feces.

Temperature-

The cooler the temperature is the more D.O. there is in the water. But cooler water is also more difficult for animals to survive in. When we tested the temperature it was 9.6 Celsius. This means the water is cold.


 * Water Softening Lab: (Mitchell, Mosca)**

Lime Softening: adding lime to water reacts CO2 and forms calcium precipitate, which softens the water.

Magnetic Water Treatment: shapes the limewater, which has the same effect of lime softening.

Chelation: the citric acid softens water for soaps and detergents. It helps the EDTA reach a soft waterlimit.