Chem+Comm+Pd+6

= Unit 1 Review = Period 6 //**Chemistry**//


 * Water Use: (Austin)**
 * Direct Water Use ** is when water directly affects the action like showering or using the toilet.
 * Indirect Water Use ** is when water is required for the production of the object but you may not know. Example: eggs require indirect water usage because you must feed the chickens water, soak the eggs in water, clean them, water for the workers et cetera.

__**Homogeneous Mixture:**__ Mixtures in which the constituents //(being a part of a whole)// don’t appear separately. //A homogeneous mixture is the same throughout.// //Examples:// //Examples://
 * Mixtures: (Homogeneous/Heterogeneous) (Hunter, Meghan C)**
 * 1) Silver
 * 2) Sugar solution when sugar is completely dissolved
 * 3) Mixture of alcohol and water
 * 4) A glass of orange juice
 * 5) Salty water (where the salt is completely dissolved)
 * 6) Potassium
 * 7) Helium
 * __Heterogeneous Mixture__**: Constituents appear separately. //A heterogeneous mixture is not the same throughout.//
 * 1) Oil and water
 * 2) Soil sample
 * 3) Sandy water
 * 4) Orange juice with pulp in it
 * 5) Chicken noodle soup
 * 6) Oil and vinegar
 * 7) Baking Soda


 * Water Cycle: (Joey K, LaVar)**

Diagram of the water cycle Each term and defined as needed Nature is always moving water through the air and land, so that the water we use is constantly recycled. The water cycle includes these steps: **evaporation**. The sun heats water in rivers, lakes, and the ocean and turns it into [|vapor] or steam, which then rises into the air. **Condensation.** The vapor cools and turns into tiny water droplets that attach to each other and form clouds. **Precipitation.** Water falls from the clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. **Runoff.** Some water stays on the earth’s surface and flows into rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc. **Percolation.** Other water seeps down into the earth’s natural underground reservoirs called [|aquifers]. Then the cycle begins again, as water from the earth’s surface [|evaporates] into the air.


 * Ionic Compounds/Formula's: (Megan V, Nick V, Caitlin)**


 * Ionic Compounds – Substances composed of positive and negative ions
 * Anion – Negatively charged ion (electron is gained)
 * Ex Cl-
 * Cation – Positively charged ion (electron is lost)
 * Ex Na+
 * Ex of Ions
 * Lithium Ion Batteries – rechargeable

Cation: Ca +2 Ag + Nh 4+ Anion: O -2 Br - F -

Formula: CaO Name: Calcium oxide

Formula: NaCl Name Sodium Chloride

Formula: Cu(OH) 2 Name: Copper Hydroxide
 * Solubility: (Ashley, Vinny)**

Concepts: Solubility of solids and liquids Solubility of gasses Water dissolves in air.

Which is the solute? Water

What is the Solvent? Air

The lower the pressure the less soluble in a liquid The higher the pressure the more soluble it is Gasses are more soluble at a colder temperature

Solubility of Solids

Has a higher solubility when temperature increases. Example: When sugar dissolves in coffee Salt dissolved in water

Graph Analysis Example questions With the Graph above answer the questions.

1. What is the Temperature of NaCL at 40 per100g H2O?

2. What is the solubility of Kl at 20 degrees C?

3.What is the Temperature of KCL at 50 per100g H2O? hi


 * Density: (Katie, Siana)**

Concepts: Formula Provide questions and answers of calculations

(g/cm3)) || Substance || Density (g/cm3) ||
 * Substance || Density
 * Oxygen || 0.00133 || Aluminum || 2.70 ||
 * Hydrogen || 0.000084 || Iron || 7.87 ||
 * Ethanol || 0.785 || Copper || 8.96 ||
 * Benzene || 0.880 || Sliver || 10.5 ||
 * Water || 1.000 || Lead || 11.34 ||
 * Magnesium || 1.74 || Mercury || 13.6 ||
 * Salt (sodium chloride) || 2.16 || Gold || 19.32z ||

//DIRECTIONS//: use the chart to complete numbers 1 & 2.

1) Find the mass of piece or magnesium that displaces 8.5 ml of water. M=VxD M=8.5d M=8.5 (14.79)

2) What is the volume of a 25 gram piece of silver at 20 degrees Celsius. V= M/D V= 25/20 V=1.35

//Density problems// 1) what is the density of a substance that has a mass of 28 grams and a volume of 2.5 mL? will it float in water? D= M/V    2.5/28 = 11.2  Will not float in water because it is more them 1.

2) what is the density of a substance that has a mass of 59 grams and a volume of 74cm3? Will it float in water? D=M/V    59g/74cm3= .79g/cm3  It will float in water because it is less then .1

3) If the density of a substance is 19.3g/mL and the mass is 55 grams, what is the volume of the substance? Will it float? 19.3=55/V    19.3V=55    /19.3 /19.3    V=2.84


 * PH Scale and examples: (Sasha, Allison)**




 * Lead/Mercury: (Matt D, Nick C)**
 * Lead is a cadion it is ether 2+ or +4 first used in 6400 BCE. Early Bronze Age in Turkey. First industrial uses by the Romans for piping. To prevent lead they coated the lead with lime stone Lead is Nero toxic. Causes kidney damage, brain damage, diminished learning abilities in children. Behavior problems such as - aggression in children, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior. Memory lose, head aces, seizers Hearing lose, and Brain swelling

Mercury is number 80 and the symbol is Hg. Mercury’s atomic weight is 200.59 and is classified as a transition metal. It is a cation with a charge of +1 or +2. Mercury can be frozen at -38.85C and can be boiled at 365.6C. Mercury is a liquid and can be found in fish and in thermometers. Mercury can cause Methyl mercury, Elemental (metallic) mercury, and Inorganic mercury. All of these can be harmful to humans


 * Water Purification: (Nick M, Ryan O)**


 * Americans drank 5 billion gallons of bottled water in 2001.
 * Bottled water is regulated under the FD&C Act.
 * In tap water, the legal limit for lead is 15ppb.
 * CGMP stands for Current good manufacturing practices.
 * Sand Filtration – Removes all the rest of any suspended particles.






 * Water testing lab: (Mallory, Alexis, Chelsea)**

Dissolved Oxygen: When we tested the content of D.O. in the stream water, our results showed that there was only 2 ppm. This is an extremely low amount of D.O. for such cold water. It’s possible that the low amounts of D.O. are being affected by the amount of phosphates in the water. Since there isn’t a low of dissolved oxygen in the water, it could affect the life of the aquatic animals. The more D.O. there is, the better it is for the aquatic life.

Nitrates: In the water from behind Pascack Valley, there is only 0.052 ppm of nitrates. Nitrates are found in the protein molecules of all animals. There are two main explanations for the possible nitrate levels in the water. The first being that many animals could be dying and decomposing near or in the water. Another explanation, also a more reasonable one, there is runoff from grounds that had fertilizers which could have drained into the water supply. If the nitrate levels get too high, it can affect our blood’s ability to carry oxygen. Reasonable levels of nitrate are 5 or less, which means the water from the stream doesn’t excessive amounts of nitrate.

pH:
 * Measure of how acidic the water is.
 * pH scale ranges from 0 (strong acid) to 14 (strong base), with 7 being neutral.
 * The pH of most “clean” water ranges between 6.5 and 8.2.
 * Most organisms must live in a very narrow pH range and will die from only slight pH changes.
 * pH can be affected by chemical runoff that goes into the body of water or acid rain.
 * A good pH is close to neutral (7).

Phosphates:
 * Found in DNA of almost all living organisms.
 * Nutrient needed for growth in plants and animals.
 * High levels of phosphates can lead to too much growth of plant life and bacteria in the water, which would cause a decrease in D.O.
 * Phosphates come from laundry detergents, fertilizers, human and animal waste, and industrial pollution.
 * Good phosphate results are 2 ppm or less.

Turbidity measures how clear the water is. The term turbid (meaning not clear) is typically caused by sand or silt suspended in the water. Turbid water effects aquatic life and plant photosynthesis. It interferes with plants receiving enough sunlight. Good results of turbidity are 60 JTU or less.


 * Water Softening Lab: (Jacqueline, Kendall)**

Should include 3 methods and procedure steps We filtered using:

-sand -calgon -resin __ Steps: __

9. Repeat steps 2-5 once more using hard water and Resin in the filter paper.
Hard Water: contains ions and minerals, leaves a thick sticky residue feeling when used for showering.

Soft Water: has been filtered well and is free of any ions or minerals.

Resin worked the best because it had a larger sud population and it contained less hard water ions

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