Chem+Comm+Pd+4

**Unit Test**
**Water Use: //( Kenny)//**

Concepts: Direct/Indirect

**Mixtures: (Homogeneous/Heterogeneous) (Kenny)**

Concepts: Definitions of each Examples of matter and classify each

**Water Cycle: (Andrea)** Should be included: Diagram of the water cycle Each term and defined as needed



The Water Cycle

Precipitation-any form of water, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, that falls to the earth’s surface.

Condensation-The process by which a gas or vapor changed to a liquid.

Evaporation-To change into vapor.

Transpiration-The process of giving off vapor containing water.

Surface Runoff-Overland flow of excess water that cannot be absorbed by the ground as infiltration.

How the water cycle works:

Water molecules from lakes, rivers, streams, reservoirs, and the ocean gets heated by the sun and turn into vapor that rises into the air which is called evaporation. The plants are heated by the sun too, and send water molecules into the air through the leaves called transpiration. These water molecules form into clouds. When the air and the water cool down, they form drops of water that fall to the earth as rain. If they are frozen, they become snow or sleet which is called condensation. The vapor has turned into a liquid. Once the water reached the ground, it can flow across the land until it reached rivers, lakes, streams, or the ocean. This is surface water. It can also sink into the ground and flow with gravity through gaps in rock, gravel, and sand until it reaches these bodies of water too. This is ground water. Then the cycle begins again.

**Ionic Compounds/Formula's (Rebecca :3 & Alyssa)**

Balancing Ionic Compounds - Balancing the quantity of each element so that the charge does not change. Balancing an equation means taking the charge of each compound and converting it to the other compound.

**Cations and anions**

Neutral- An ion that has a neutral charge.

Cation- A positively charged ion.

Anion: A negatively charged ion.

Ca+= Cation

Cl-=anion Neutral

Cations:

H+ (hydrogen)

Cu+ (copper)

Mg2+ (Magnesium)

Hg2+ (Mercury II)

Anions:

F- (Fluoride)

NO3- (nitrate)

O2- oxide

Neutral:

Na

Cl

Ca


 * R.P. :3**

**Solubility: (Joe)** How many grams of a solid can be preserved in a liquid.

1. What things can affect a liquids solubility? 2. What is water also known as? 3. What is the measuring unit of solubility? 4. What is the difference between a mixture and a solution? 5. What is the difference between a saturated solution, a super saturated solution, and an unsaturated solution?

**Density: (Joe)** How closely packed together atoms are.

What affects density? What does density affect? What is the measuring unit of density? What is denser: gold or steel? What is denser: water or a laundry basket?

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">**PH Scale and examples: ( Alyssa)**

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">//**Concepts: Diagram of scale-**// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">//**I****ons associated with acids and bases-**// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">pH focuses on concentrations of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-). <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">**Acid:** A solution that has an excess of H+ ions. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">**Base:** A solution that has an excess of OH- ions.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">**Lead/Mercury (Jillian)**

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Information: Must give information for lead and Mercury (revert back to presentation notes)


 * Mercury**
 * **Uses- thermometers, neon sign, fluorescent lamps, mascara, herbicides, and laxatives, fish**
 * **CatIon**
 * **Methylmercury- chemical form of Mercury**
 * **Symptoms of mercury poisoning- Fatigue, irritability, loss of memory, vivid dreams, hallucinations, depression**
 * **People who eat a lot of fish are at high risk of Mercury poisoning. (fish have Mercury in them)**

Lead
 * Lead is a poisonous metal that our bodies cannot use.
 * Lead Poisoning can cause learning, hearing, and behavioral problems, and can harm your child’s brain, kidneys, and other organs.
 * They may start losing hearing, nausea, and they may see hallucinations I someone has lead poisoning.
 * Uses-
 * Lead paint on walls.
 * Toys made in China.
 * Pencils (In the past)
 * Be careful of what paint (for your walls) and the toys you buy for your children
 * If you have lead paint in your house, have it professionally removed.
 * Make sure you clean and dust your house regularly.
 * I believe the fish in Riverwood may have died from lead poisoning when paint companies dumped barrels of paint into rivers.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">**Water Purification:**

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Steps for Water Purification

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Natural Water Purification <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Purifying water through the Hydrologic Cycle
 * 1) Evaporation
 * 2) Bacterial Action
 * 3) Filtration

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The sun provides energy for the water to evaporate. This resembles the process of distillation.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Evaporation leaves behind minerals, heavy metals, and other dissolved substances.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Water vapor condenses and falls as precipitation is made into raindrops and snowflakes are nature’s purest form of water containing only dissolved atmospheric gases.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">However human activites release a number of gases into the air making today’s rain less pure than it used to be.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Bacterial Action

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">When raindrops strike the soil, they collect impurities.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">But, as the water seeps through the ground the bacteria in the soil feed on those impurities and purify the water.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Filtration

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">As water seeps further into the ground, it passes through gravel, sand and rock.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">This allows bacteria and suspended matter to be filtered out. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Municipal Water Purification

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: 13px;">1.Screening -Screening is a process of identifying apparently healthy people who may be at increased risk of a disease or condition. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: 13px;">2.Chlorination prior to another chemical Process <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: 13px;">3.Flocculation- To precipitate <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: 13px;">4.Settling- to place in a desired state or in order. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: 13px;">5. Removing large unwanted materials from water. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: 13px;">6. to introduce chlorine atoms into an organic compound by an addition or substitution reaction. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: 13px;">7.Optional Further Treatment- Aeration, pH adjustment ,Fluoridation

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">**Water testing lab: (Rebecca) :3**

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">**Phosphates- What I got was closest to phosphate 2. Phosphates are found in the DNA of all living things. High levels can lead to too much plant life growing. When I took my test, I got 2 ppm so the water is healthy. Healthy phosphate would be 2 ppm or less.**

My dissolved oxygen was between zero and four. It was about 2 ppm. Oxygen is very necessary for living land animals. Aquatic animals need it as well. Cold water has more dissolved oxygen than warm water. Good results would be 70% or higher. This is close to good but not quite. The results were below average so they were not good.

Temperature was 9.8 degrees. The cooler the temperature is, the more dissolved oxygen will be in the water. Cooler water is more difficult for animals to survive in. 9.8 degrees is pretty cold. It will be difficult for living things to permanently live in this water.

The coliform bacteria test was positive. They occur in any type of water where there is feces. If the test is positive, it means it is not good drinking water.

Nitrates can be found in protein molecules found in living animals. If there are a lot of nitrates in the water, it means that a lot of animals are dying and decomposing. Another explanation for high nitrate levels could be runoff. Our water test came out to be 0.11 ppm. This means there are low amounts of nitrates in the water.

Turbidity is a measure of how clear the water is. Turbid water is water that is not that clear, usually caused by clay, silt, and sand being suspended in the water. Microscopic organisms can make the water less clear. This will affect how plants grow. The turbitiy was 0 JTU. This is pretty good. Good results are 60 JTU or less.

The results of the PH test were 7.8. PH is a measure of how acid the water is. The ph scales range from 0 being strong acid and 14 being strong base. 7 would just be neutral. Clean water ranges from 6.5 and 8.2. Our water was pretty clean. Very highs bases or acids are not good for living things. PH can be affected by chemical runoff.